Table 2 Emerging therapeutic strategies for alleviation of obesity-related BBB dysfunction

Palmitoylethanolamide

Decreases BBB permeability;

Restores tight junction transcription.

Attenuates hypothalamic injury;

Reduces the systemic inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, etc.).

[84]

Adora2a antagonism

Decreases BBB permeability.

[79]

Topiramate

Decreases BBB permeability;

Increases expression of TJs (ZO-1, Claudin-12);

Inhibits oxidative stress.

[72]

Dapsone

Decreases brain microvascular leakage;

Protects TJs (ZO-1, Claudin-5, Occludin);

Reduces lysosome accumulation in cerebral microvessels.

[77]

Nicotine

Decreases BBB permeability.

[73]

Resveratrol

Protects against breakage of the BBB;

Reduces the disruption of polymerization of TJs (ZO-1, Occludin).

[74]

Nutraceutical agents

Decreases the BBB damaging effect;

Reduces oxidative stress and neurovascular inflammation.

[75]