Figure 1

Phenograms of TGF-β1 and hAPP/TGF-β1 mice. Underexpression and knockout of TGF-β1 results in neurodegeneration. Overexpression of TGF-β1 in astrocytes produces phenotypes that are altered by the addition of a transgene expressing mutant human amyloid. TGF-β1-induced astrogliosis and microgliosis aid in clearing amyloid, and TGF-β1-induced vascular fibrosis traps amyloid in blood vessel walls, producing amyloid angiopathy.