Figure 1

Time-dependent induction of CCL5 by HIV-1 Vpr in SVGA astrocytes. SVGA cells were mock transfected or transfected with a plasmid encoding HIV-1 Vpr. Cells were harvested at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-transfection, and CCL5 expression levels were determined using real-time RT-PCR. The supernatants were also collected at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-transfection, and protein concentration of CCL5 was determined using Bioplex assay. (A) mRNA expression levels calculated relative to mock-transfected controls; (B) protein concentration for CCL5. The bars represent the mean ± SE of three independent experiments done in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t-test, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.