Figure 2

Immunocytochemistry for HIV-1 Vpr-mediated induction of CCL5 in astrocytes. SVGA astrocytes were cultured on cover slips and were either mock transfected (D-F) or were transfected with a plasmid encoding Vpr (G-I). Non-transfected cells were used as control (A-C). The cells were stained for nucleus (blue); CCL5 (green) and GFAP (red), and the images were captured using a Leica TCS SP5 II on an inverted microscope platform with a 40× zoom oil emersion lens. The Image J software was used to get the merged images, and the Multi Measure tool in Image J was used to quantify the intensities. (J) The image intensities are plotted relative to GFAP. The bars represent the mean ± SE of three independent images. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t-test, **p < 0.01.