Figure 1

Intranasal soluble tumor necrosis factor dosing regimen does not induce robust microglia activation in the midbrain. (A) Immunohistochemical analysis for the microglia marker Iba1 in representative brain sections from cortical regions of wild-type (WT) or DJ-1−/− mice exposed to repeated intranasal administration of saline or soluble TNF (inTNF) (0.5 ng) as indicated in the experimental paradigm (Additional file 1: Figure S1A), or to 3-month intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (See Methods). Scale bar = 200μm. (B) Quantification of Iba1-positive cells within the entorhinal cortex of inTNF-treated WT or DJ-1−/− mice. Analysis by two-way analysis of variance revealed no gross differences due to genotype or treatment in microglia morphology or number of Iba1-positive microglia per field (n = 4 fields per treatment group).