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Table 1 A summary of the inflammation-related genes located on chromosome 21

From: Down’s syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis

Gene

Protein

Function

Reference

βAPP

Amyloid beta precursor protein >5 fold overexpression in DS

Neuronal acute phase protein precursor of fragments Aβ in Alzheimer plaques and sAPP for induction of IL-1β

[16, 20, 63]

BACE2

β-site APP-cleaving enzymes-2

Cleaves APP for less Aβ and increases IL-1R2, a decoy protein for excess IL-1 capture

[79]

S100B

S100 calcium binding protein astrocyte-derived cytokine

Upregulates IL-1β and βAPP expression, released in response to TNFα

[22, 27, 82]

CXADR

Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor

Activation of JNK and p38-MAPK pathways leading to production of M1 cytokines.

[101]

ADAMTS1

ADAM metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 1

Secreted protease known to be induced by IL-1β

[102]

ADAMTS5

ADAM metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5

Secreted protease known to be induced by IL-1β and TGFβ.

[103]

TIAM1

T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1

Necessary for cytokine- mediated generation of oxidative species through NADPH oxidase.

[104]

SOD1

Superoxide dismutase 1

Scavenges superoxide radicals producing H2O2 and O2.

[105]

IFNAR2

Interferon α, β, and ω receptor 2

Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway

[106, 107]

IFNAR1

Interferon α, β, and ω receptor 1

Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway

[106]

IFNGR2

Interferon γ receptor 2

Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway

[107]

RIPK4

Receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 4

Necessary for signaling through TNFR1

[108]

CBS

Cystathione-β-synthase

Catalyzes production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) bimodal regulation of inflammation

[109]

PRMT2

Protein arginine methyltransferase 2

Blocks the actions of NFκB in the nucleus

[110]

  1. β-amyloid, APP precursor protein for β-amyloid, IL interleukin, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, TNF tumor necrosis factor, TGF transforming growth factor, JAK/STAT Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription, TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor, NFκB Nuclear factor-kappa B.