From: Down’s syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis
Gene | Protein | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
βAPP | Amyloid beta precursor protein >5 fold overexpression in DS | Neuronal acute phase protein precursor of fragments Aβ in Alzheimer plaques and sAPP for induction of IL-1β | |
BACE2 | β-site APP-cleaving enzymes-2 | Cleaves APP for less Aβ and increases IL-1R2, a decoy protein for excess IL-1 capture | [79] |
S100B | S100 calcium binding protein astrocyte-derived cytokine | Upregulates IL-1β and βAPP expression, released in response to TNFα | |
CXADR | Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor | Activation of JNK and p38-MAPK pathways leading to production of M1 cytokines. | [101] |
ADAMTS1 | ADAM metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 1 | Secreted protease known to be induced by IL-1β | [102] |
ADAMTS5 | ADAM metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5 | Secreted protease known to be induced by IL-1β and TGFβ. | [103] |
TIAM1 | T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 | Necessary for cytokine- mediated generation of oxidative species through NADPH oxidase. | [104] |
SOD1 | Superoxide dismutase 1 | Scavenges superoxide radicals producing H2O2 and O2. | [105] |
IFNAR2 | Interferon α, β, and ω receptor 2 | Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway | |
IFNAR1 | Interferon α, β, and ω receptor 1 | Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway | [106] |
IFNGR2 | Interferon γ receptor 2 | Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway | [107] |
RIPK4 | Receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 4 | Necessary for signaling through TNFR1 | [108] |
CBS | Cystathione-β-synthase | Catalyzes production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) bimodal regulation of inflammation | [109] |
PRMT2 | Protein arginine methyltransferase 2 | Blocks the actions of NFκB in the nucleus | [110] |