Table 2 Controlled studies of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in major depressive disorder (MDD) or depressive mood
Authors | Subjects | Depression measures | Intervention(duration) | Analysis (t) | Pertinent results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hawkley et al. [81] | 75 subjects | BDI | Public speaking stress task (once) | Serum MIF (0, 15 minutes) | MIF levels are increased in subjects showing mild to moderate depression (BDI) |
MIF levels are unaffected by the public speaking stress task | |||||
Edwards et al. [59] | 126 healthy subjects | BDI | Public speaking stress task (once) | ELISA for serum MIF (0, 3, 15, 45 minutes) | MIF levels are increased at baseline in subjects showing high depressive symptoms (BDI) |
UCLA-R | |||||
MIF levels do not change over the time course measured | |||||
Christian et al. [82] | 22 pregnant subjects | CES-D | Vaccination for influenza virus (once) | ELISA for serum MIF (0, 1 weeks) | Pregnant women with depressive symptoms (CES-D) show increased MIF levels at 1 week |
Katsuura et al. [83] | 209 healthy subjects | Zung-SDS | None | Multiplex suspension array for serum levels of multiple immune mediators (0) | MIF levels are not significantly associated with depressive symptoms (SDS) |
Musil et al. [85] | 32 MDD patients, 20 healthy controls | DSM-IV | Treatment with reboxetine and add-on celecoxib (5weeks) | ELISA for serum MIF, TGFB, and sCD14 (0, 3, 5 weeks) | MIF levels are increased at baseline in MDD patients |
HRSD | |||||
MIF levels are unchanged during reboxetine treatment | |||||
Celecoxib reduces HamD scores but does not affect MIF levels | |||||
Cattaneo et al. [86] | 74 MDD patients, 34 healthy controls | DSM-IV | Treatment with escitalopram or nortryptiline (8Â weeks) | qPCR for serum leukocyte mRNA levels of several candidate genes (0, 8 weeks) | MIF mRNA levels are increased at baseline in treatment-responsive MDD patients; MIF mRNA levels decrease during treatment, but with no correlation to treatment response |
MADRS | |||||
HRSD | |||||
BDI |