Figure 1

Combined intrauterine transient hypoxia-ischemia and intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide in embryonic day 18 rats. (A) Under isoflurane anesthesia, uterine arteries are exposed via midline laparotomy. (B) Occlusion and transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia (TSHI) is initiated with placement of aneurysm clips on uterine arteries. (C) After 60 minutes of occlusion, blood is darker in both the vessels and the fetuses (black arrows) and clips are removed. (D) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with Evans blue dye added to improve visualization (white arrows), is injected into each amniotic sac. Shams undergo laparotomy and 60 minutes of anesthesia. (E) No significant difference in litter size was observed among the various insult types (n = 8 to 37, mean ± SEM). (F) Fetal loss at postnatal day 0 (P0) is significantly increased in TSHI + LPS insult groups compared to shams (n = 8 to 37, ***P < 0.001). (G) The various prenatal insults did not cause significant differences in weight at P28 (n = 8 to 30).