Table 1 Proinflammatory markers investigated in the temporal and spatial progression of early AD pathogenesis. Immune cell molecules/inflammatory markers were assessed from RNA isolated from entorhinal cortex and hippocampus tissue of 2, 3, and 6 month-old 3xTg-AD and non-transgenic mice by qRT-PCR using Applied Biosystems Microfluidic Cards.
Immune Marker | Major Functions |
|---|---|
C3 | complement protein, binds to pathogenic structures |
CCL2 (MCP-1) | chemokine, promotes extravasation, activates macrophages, promotes Th2 immunity |
CCL3 | chemokine, promotes extravasation, antiviral defense, promotes Th1 immunity |
Fractalkine | chemokine, involved in brain inflammation, endothelial adhesion |
IP10 | chemokine, antiangiogenic, promotes Th1 immmunity |
TNF-α | cytokine, proinflammatory, attracts innate immune cells, activates macrophages |
TGF-β | cytokine, inhibits cell growth |
IL-2 | cytokine, T cell growth factor |
IL-6 | cytokine, B and T cell growth and differentiation |
IL-8 | cytokine, secreted by macrophage(predominately in response to bacterial infection), recruits innate and adaptive immune cells |
IL-1α | cytokine, macrophage and T cell activation |
IL-1β | cytokine, macrophage and T cell activation |
IL-12a | cytokine, activates NK cells, induces CD4 differentiation to Th1 cell |
ICAM 1 | intercellular adhesion molecule present on endothelial cells, binds LFA-1 and Mac-1 (Cd11b) |
VCAM 1 | adhesion molecule present on endothelial cells, binds VLA-4 integrin |
CD4 | cell surface marker for TH1 and TH2 T cells, coreceptor for MHC II |
CD8 | cell surface marker on cytotoxic T cells, coreceoptor for MHC I |
CD80 | cell surface marker, T cell/antigen presenting cell costimulation |
CD86 | cell surface marker, T cell/antigen presenting cell costimulation |
Ptgs1 | Cyclooxygenase type 1 (Cox-1) |
Ptgs2 | Cyclooxygenase type 2 (Cox-2) |
Caspase 3 | late-stage molecule involved in apoptosis |