Figure 2

Effect of GSNO on TBI-mediated BBB disruption, edema and on the expression of ZO-1, occludin and MMP-9 in ipsilateral rat brain after CCI. Representative photographs showing Evan's blue extravasation at 48 h in 2 out of 6 coronal sections (A). Significant EB leakage was observed in CCI+VEH brain, and the leakage was reduced in the CCI+GSNO group. EB extravasation was not observed in Sham animals (see Table 1). A similar treatment with GSNO decreased the brain water content (edema) in ipsilateral brain (C) measured at 24 h after CCI. Treatment with GSNO also enhanced TBI-mediated reduced expression of ZO-1 and occludin in traumatic penumbral area from ipsilateral hemisphere measures at 24 h following TBI by Western blot (B). TBI-mediated increased expression of MMP-9 was also decreased following GSNO treatment (detected in traumatic penumbral area at 72 h following TBI) (D). Photomicrograph of Evan's blue is the representative of n = 5. Edema data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5). Western blot and photomicrographs of MMP-9 immunohistochemistry are representative of n = 3 in each group. *p < 0.05 vs. CCI+VEH or Sham. ips, ipsilateral; conr, contralateral.