Figure 1

Quantification of CD68 immunoreactive microglia in the cortex (cortical GM) and white matter (subcortical WM). (A) CD68-immunoreactivity in individual patients (patients No. 1 to 11) and controls (n = 5). Significant microglial activation was noted in 8/11 patients (73%, p < 0.05). (B) Fold changes in the CD68-immunoreactivity in epilepsy subgroups compared to controls. Note the magnitude of microglia activation (nearly 20-fold increase in the cortex) in FCD and EM is comparable to RE. (C-J) CD68-immunoreactiviy in the cortex (upper panel) and white matter (lower panel). Controls show very rare microglia (C, G). Focal cortical dysplasia (D, H) and encephalomalacia (E, I) show uniform increase in microglia while Rasmussen's encephalitis (F, J) show microglial aggregates. Bar = 20 μm. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA.