Figure 2

Involvement of MAP kinases, NF-κB and AP-1 in LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine and iNOS expression in glial cells. Murine primary microglia or astrocytes pretreated with or without PD98059 (50 μmol/L), SP600125 (20 μmol/L), SB203580 (20 μmol/L), sulfasalazine (50 μmol/L), or curcumin (10 μmol/L) for 30 min were stimulated with 0.5 μg/mL LPS for 8 h. mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS were examined by real-time PCR. Results are presented as mean ± SD for duplicate measurement from 6 independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with medium control; ^# p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01 compared with treatment with 0.5 μg/ml LPS.