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Table 1 Effects of GTS administration on the concentrations of TRP, 5-HT, and their metabolites in brain; and on the turnover of TRP and 5-HT (expressed as KYN/TRP and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios, respectively) (n = 10)

From: Peripheral anti-inflammatory effects explain the ginsenosides paradox between poor brain distribution and anti-depression efficacy

nmol/g brain tissue

Vehicle/Saline

Vehicle/LPS

GTS/Saline

GTS/LPS

KYN

0.27 ± 0.03

1.06 ± 0.07a

0.29 ± 0.03c

0.77 ± 0.04b

TRP

10.27 ± 0.41

11.75 ± 0.44

10.67 ± 0.38

11.21 ± 0.32

5-HIAA

0.95 ± 0.06

1.67 ± 0.13a

1.00 ± 0.11c

1.34 ± 0.05b

5-HT

2.70 ± 0.05

2.93 ± 0.21

2.77 ± 0.14

2.93 ± 0.11

KYN/TRP

0.026 ± 0.002

0.091 ± 0.006##

0.027 ± 0.002c

0.067 ± 0.004b

5-HIAA/5-HT

0.35 ± 0.03

0.57 ± 0.02##

0.37 ± 0.03c

0.46 ± 0.02*

  1. Dates are expressed as mean ± SEM.
  2. a: p < 0.01 compared with Vehicle/Saline treated mice
  3. b: p < 0.05 compared with Vehicle/LPS treated mice
  4. c: p < 0.05 or p < 0.01 compared with GTS/LPS treated mice.