Figure 2

Effects of repeated administration of betaine on LPS-induced memory impairment. Y-maze and novel object recognition tests were carried out 7 and 10-12 days after LPS injection (30 μg/mouse, i.c.v.), respectively. The mice were continuously treated with betaine (0.081, 0.163 and 0.326 mmol/kg, s.c.) for 13 days starting 1 day before LPS injection. On the day of the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests, betaine was administered 30 min before the test. Y-maze data (A: % alternation, B: total arm entries) are shown as the median (vertical column) and as the first and third quartile values (vertical line). Novel object recognition data (C: familiarization session, D: retention session) are shown as the median (horizontal bar) and as the first and third quartile values (vertical column). The number of mice used is shown in parentheses. Significance levels: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. sham control (Mann-Whitney's U-test), and #p < 0.05 vs. LPS alone (Bonferroni's test).