Figure 1
From: A role for tumor necrosis factor-α in ischemia and ischemic preconditioning
Summary of TNFR signalling. TNF-α has two receptors TNFR1 (R1) and TNFR2 (R2) which are co-expressed on both neuronal and glial membranes. Activation of TNFR1 predominantly results in the initiation of caspases involved in apoptosis. For this reason, this receptor is known as the 'death receptor'. However, association of the death domain of this receptor with TRAF-2 can lead to the activation of NFkB gene transcription and upregulation of neuroprotective mediators such as the calcium chelator, calbindin, and the superoxide scavenger, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). This pathway is also shared with TNFR2 downstream signalling.