Authors | N | Mat | Meth | AD | CTRL | Cult | Serol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Detection of all types of spirochetes | |||||||
27 | Brain, Bl, CSF | DF, HC, IHC, EM, AFM | 14/14 | 0/13** | 14/14 (Bl 4/5) | Nd | |
Miklossy, 1994 [81] | 12 5 | Brain Bl | DF DF | 8/8 5/5 | 0/4** | 8/8 Nd | Nd Nd |
Miklossy et al., 1995 [82] | 24 10*** | Brain | DNA-DAPI | 20/20 10/10*** | 0/4** | Nd | Nd |
54 | Brain | IHC | 32/32 12/12* | 0/10** | Nd Nd | Nd Nd | |
McLaughlin et al., 1999 [90] | 7 28 | Brain Bl | DF, EM | 0/7 1/22 | 0/6 | Nd Nd | Nd Nd |
Total: Various types of spirochetes detected using neutral techniques | |||||||
Brain: AD N = 102, AD 64/71, CTRL 0/31", P = 4.8 × 10 -18 , OR" = 274, 95% CI = 32-11345 | |||||||
Brain: AD, mild AD N = 114, AD 76/83, CTRL 0/31", P = 1 × 10 -19 , OR" = 325, 95% CI = 38-13440 | |||||||
Brain, Bl, CSF: AD, mild AD N = 147, AD 82/110, CTRL 0/37", P = 1.1 × 10 -15 , OR" = 105, 95% CI = 13-4329 | |||||||
Periodontal pathogen spirochetes | |||||||
Riviere et al, 2002 [96] | 34 | Brain, | PCR, IHC | 15/16 | 6/18 | Nd | Nd |
Total: Periodontal pathogen spirochetes detected in the brain | |||||||
Brain: AD, N = 34, AD 15/16, CTRL 6/18, P = 3.6 × 10 -4 , OR = 30, 95%CI = 2.8-1364 | |||||||
Borrelia burgdorferi | |||||||
MacDonald & Miranda1987 [98] | 2 | Brain | IHC | 1/1 | 0/1 | + | Nd |
MacDonald, 1988 [99] | 1 | Brain | DF, IHC | 1/1 | Â | + | Nd |
Pappolla et al., 1989 [103] | 10 | Brain | EM, IHC, Wbl | 0/6 | 0/4 | - | Nd |
27*** | Brain Bl, CSF | Cult, IHC, EM, ISH, 16SrRNA | 3/14*** | 0/13*** | 3/14 | 2/14 | |
Miklossy, 1993 [70] | 1 | Brain | IHC | 1/1 | Â | Nd | 1/1 |
Gutacker et al., 1998 [104] | 10 | Brain | PCR | 0/10 | Â | - | Nd |
Marques et al., 2000 [105] | 30 | Brain | PCR | 0/15 | 0/15 | Nd | Nd |
Riviere et al., 2002 [96] | 34*** | Brain | PCR, seq | 5/16*** | 1/18*** | Nd | Nd |
Meer-Scherrer et al., 2006 [100] | 1 | Brain | PCR | 1/1 | Â | Nd | 1/1 |
11 | Brain | PCR, IHC | 7/10 | 0/1 | Nd | 1/1 | |
Total: All studies detecting Borrelia burgdorferi | |||||||
Brain: AD N = 127, AD 19/75, CTRL 1/52, P = 2.9 × 10 -4 , OR = 17, 95%CI = 2-732 |