Figure 4From: Clusters of activated microglia in normal-appearing white matter show signs of innate immune activation Microglia associated with preactive lesions express distinct inflammatory mediators. Interleukin-4 is present in the cerebrovasculature (A) and not in preactive lesions (B, arrow), (A-C; interleukin-4 in green, HLA-DR in red). The cytokine interleukin-10 was expressed by microglia in preactive lesions (d-F; interleukin-10 in green, HLA-DR in red). Both matrix metalloproteinase-2 (G-I; MMP-2 in green, HLA-DR in red) and −9 (J-L; MMP-9 in green, HLA-DR in red) were virtually absent in preactive lesions. TNF-α was strongly expressed by microglia in preactive lesions (M-O; TNF-α in green, HLA-DR in red). Original magnifications A-C: 10×; d-O: 40×.Back to article page