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Figure 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Figure 2

From: Effects of dimethyl fumarate on neuroprotection and immunomodulation

Figure 2

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF)-mediated protection in neuronal cells involves glutathione recycling. A) DMF treatment induces mRNA expression of transcripts involved in the antioxidant response. Cells were treated for 24 h with 10 μM DMF or vehicle and mRNA quantitated by real-time PCR using β-actin and hprt as endogenous controls. B) DMF protects from inhibition of GCLC by BSO and inhibition of system Χc − by (S)-4- carboxyphenylglycine (s-4-CPG). HT22 cells were treated for 24 h with 10 μM DMF or vehicle and exposed to the indicated concentrations of s-4-CPG or BSO for another 24 h before cell viability was measured by the CTB assay. C) DMF still elevates cellular GSH when GSH synthesis is blocked by GCLC inhibition by BSO or system Χc − inhibition by incubation in cystine-free medium. HT22 cells were treated for 24 h with 10 μM DMF (black bars) or vehicle (white bars) and then exposed to the indicated concentrations of BSO or to cystine-free medium for another 24 or 4 h respectively before intracellular GSH was measured enzymatically. Graphs of all experiments represent the means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.*P < 0.05, paired Student’s t-test.

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