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Table 2 Overview of the main functions of immune mediators and negative regulators of the immune system

From: Acute injury in the peripheral nervous system triggers an alternative macrophage response

Immune mediators

MCP-1 (CCL2)

Monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 (CC-chemokine 2)

Chemokine, emigration of monocytes from bone marrow; monocyte recruitment [27]

COX2

Cyclo-oxygenase 2

Production of prostaglandins; vasodilatation, inflammation, platelet disaggregation [28], neuropathic pain [29]

IL-1β

Interleukin-1 beta

Pro-inflammatory cytokine; many biological functions: up-regulation of adhesion molecules, influx of neutrophils, induction of additional inflammatory mediators, important in sterile inflammation [30]

IL-6

Interleukin 6

Pleiotropic cytokine; wide range of biological activities in immune regulation, hematopoiesis, and inflammation [31]

MIP-1α (CCL3)

Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (CC-chemokine 3)

Chemokine, recruitment of monocytes to the inflamed tissue [4]

Negative regulators

A20

-

Negative regulator of TLR-signaling. Blocks TLR-mediated signaling by blocking NFκB signaling [32]

IκBα

Inhibitor kappa B alpha

Inhibits NFκB signaling by masking the nuclear localization signal, keeping NFκB in its inactive state [33]

IL-1RA

IL-1 receptor antagonist

Antagonist of IL-1; binds to IL-1R1 thereby blocking signaling [30]

MyD88s

Myeloid differentiation 88 small

Antagonist of the adaptor protein MyD88 [26]

SIGIRR

Single immunoglobulin IL-1R-related molecule

Inhibits IL-1 signaling, orphan receptor of IL-1 family with antagonistic properties [34]

SOCS1

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1

Suppression of cytokine signaling by inhibiting JAK tyrosine kinase [35]