Protein
|
Function in CNS
|
reference
|
Protein
|
Function in CNS
|
reference
|
CCL2
|
- contributes to immune-cell recruitment across the BBB
|
[49]
|
IL-1ra
|
- An anti-infllammatory protein with seizure inhibiting properties in experimental TLE
|
[50–53]
|
CCL3
|
- Capable of inducing Ca2+ transients in neuronal and microglial cultures.
|
[22, 54]
|
IL-7
|
Neurotrophic actions in embryonic brain cultures
|
[55, 56]
|
|
- Inhibition of systemic receptor leads to decrease in seizure activity
| | | | |
CCL4
|
- Capable of inducing Ca2+ transients in neuronal and microglial cultures.
|
[22, 54]
|
IL-10
|
- Inhibits development of seizures in FS and a hypoxia model for epilepsy.
|
[57–60]
|
| | | |
- SNPs that result in increased IL-10 are decreased in FS patients.
| |
|
- Inhibition of systemic receptor leads to decrease in seizure activity
| | | | |
| | | |
-Can give trophic support to neurons
| |
CCL5
|
- Capable of inducing Ca2+ transients in neuronal and microglial cultures
|
[22, 49, 54, 61]
|
IL-13
|
- Protects BBB integrity.
|
[62]
|
|
- Glut release from CNS cells in hypothalamus
| | | | |
|
- contributes to immune-cell recruitment across the BBB
| | | | |
|
- Inhibition of systemic receptor leads to decrease in seizure activity
| | | | |
CCL19
|
immune-cell recruitment across the BBB.
|
[63, 64]
|
IL-25
|
- Protects BBB integrity
|
[62, 65]
|
CCL22
|
-Immune-cell recruitment across the BBB.
|
[66, 67]
|
IL-27
|
Marked anti-inflammatory actions in EAE.
|
[68, 69]
|
CXCL9
|
-Immune-cell recruitment across the BBB.
|
[70–72]
|
IFNα
|
- Suppression of hippocampal CA1 neurons & LTP
|
[73, 74]
|
IL-1α
|
Polymorphisms that lead to increased transcription are associated with TLE
|
[75–77]
|
HGF
|
- Enhances neuronal survival
|
[78, 79]
|
IL-1β
|
- Increased NMDA R subunit NR2B phosphorylation leading to increased Ca2+ influx
|
[80],[25, 52, 81, 82]
|
VEGF
|
- neuroprotective after experimental seizures
|
[83–85]
|
| | | |
- reduces hippocampal excitability
| |
|
- Higher levels correlate with increased SRS after eFS
| | | | |
IL-5
|
- Implicated in BBB disruption in CNS tumor bloodvessels
|
[86–88]
|
IL-5
|
- Anti-inflammatory actions in the periphery as a Th2 cytokine
|
[87–89]
|
|
- Induces microglial proliferation
| | | | |
| | | |
- Induces microglial activation
| |
IL-7
|
Induces neuronal apoptosis in human NT2 cells
|
[90]
| | | |
IL-22
|
- BBB disruption through down-regulation of occludin.
|
[91]
| | | |
VEGF
|
BBB disruption → reduction in tight junction proteins in kainate model for TLE
|
[92, 93].
| | | |
ICAM-1
|
- implicated in BBB disruption
|
[20]
| | | |
VCAM-1
|
- Immune-cell recruitment across the BBB
|
[20]
| | | |