From: New perspectives on central and peripheral immune responses to acute traumatic brain injury
Chemokines/ cytokines | Functions | Reference |
---|---|---|
CCL2 | Macrophage infiltration | Striling et. al. , 2004 [42] |
CCL20 | Inflammatory activator and immune cell attraction | Helmy et. al. , 2010 [43]; Comerford et al., 2010 [44]; Das et. al. , 2011 [45] |
CCL21 | Neuromodulatory | |
IL-1 | Neuronal injury | Rothwell, 1999 [48] |
IL-6 | BBB dysfunction, neuroprotection | |
IL10 | Neuroprotective | Kremlev and Palmer, 2005 [51] |
TNF-α | BBB breakdown, | Kim et. al. , 1992 [52] |
Cerebral inflammation, | Ramilo et. al. , 1990 [53] | |
IL-8 | Neutrophil infiltration | Whalen et. al. , 2000 [54] |