Skip to main content
Figure 6 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Figure 6

From: L-glutamate released from activated microglia downregulates astrocytic L-glutamate transporter expression in neuroinflammation: the ‘collusion’ hypothesis for increased extracellular L-glutamate concentration in neuroinflammation

Figure 6

L-Glu released from activated microglia caused the downregulation of GLAST. (A) Effects of LPS (1 to 100 ng/mL, 24 h) on the extracellular concentration of L-Glu in the astrocyte-microglia-neuron mixed culture (left), microglia culture (center), and astrocyte culture (right). LPS significantly increased the extracellular L-Glu in the astrocyte-microglia-neuron mixed culture and the microglia culture. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. control group (n = 6), Tukey’s test following ANOVA. (B) The effect of sustained exposure to L-Glu on L-Glu clearance in the astrocyte culture. The culture medium was changed to fresh medium containing 100 μM L-Glu every 2 h. L-Glu clearance was suppressed by sustained exposure to L-Glu for 24 h. **P < 0.01 vs. the control group (n = 6), Student’s t-test. (C) The effect of sustained exposure to L-Glu on GLAST mRNA levels. Sustained exposure to L-Glu decreased GLAST mRNA. **P < 0.01 vs. control group (n = 4), Student’s t-test. (D) The effect of sustained exposure to L-Glu on GLAST protein levels. Sustained exposure to L-Glu decreased the protein expression of GLAST. **P < 0.01 vs. control group (n = 5), Student’s t-test.

Back to article page

Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094