Figure 13

NOX-ROS is a key signaling in alcohol neurodegeneration. Alcohol as a pro-inflammatory trigger activates microglia to release neurotoxic factors, such as TNFα, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, ROS (O₂ ^-). Among these pro-inflammatory factors, ROS have been implicated as key mechanisms of chronic neurotoxicity. Further, ROS upregulates NF-κB signaling, which causes microglial overactivation and propagate the cycle, driving progressive neuron damage. Blockade of NOX with DPI inhibits ROS generation, microglial activation and cell death markers: activated caspase-3 and Fluoro-Jade B.