Figure 5

(A) Time course of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF receptors, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 gene expression in cortex of miceexposed to SF (*P  <0.01; n = 6). (B) TNF-α protein concentrations in cortex of mice exposed to sleep fragmentation (SF) and controls(*P <0.01). (C) Immunofluorescence photomicrographs in frontal cortex of two representative mice exposed to SF for 15 days and controls(n = 4), showing TNF-α immunoreactivity (red) and NeuN (green). Thee was an intense increase in TNF-α expression in neurons, although thesource of such immunoreactivity might also be derived from other cellular sources (for example, microglia) or from the circulation viablood–brain barrier transport (see text).