Figure 3

Lithium downregulates the production of IL-6 and TNF-α from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. (a) and (b) Quantification of IL-6 and TNF-α production in media. The primary microglial cells were pretreated with LiCl at 0.3, 1 and 3 mM for 30 minutes and then stimulated with LPS at 10 ng/ml for 24 hours. **P <0.01 versus the response to medium alone. ^# P <0.05, ^## P <0.01 versus the LPS treatment groups. The data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments.