Figure 1

Activation of single and pairwise TLRs results in a distinct inflammatory response in microglia. Purified microglia were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL), Pam3CysSK4 (Pam, 100 ng/mL), loxoribine (lox, 1 mM), or CpG ODN (CpG, 1 μm) alone or simultaneously with pairwise combinations of the ligands, as indicated. PBS served as control. Supernatants were collected at indicated time points and analyzed by TNF-Α ELISA; mean ± SEM of five independent experiments run with duplicates. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni-selected pairs of each individual compound vs. combination of compounds (*LPS vs. ligand combination; #Pam vs. ligand combination; †CpG vs. ligand combination; §lox vs. ligand combination). P*, #, †, § <0.05; P**, ##, ††, §§§ <0.005; P***, ###, †††, §§§ <0.001.