Figure 2

Elevated cytokines and chemokines. The concentration levels of the various cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and RANTES are increased significantly at 24 h in the SI + S group, as compared with matched controls. The increase was most substantial for IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α in the SI + S group, compared with the matched control. In the SI + AG group, the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α were significantly decreased compared with the SI + S group. * P <0.05; ** P <0.01.