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Figure 4 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Figure 4

From: Anti-inflammatory effects of BHBA in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson’s disease models are mediated by GPR109A-dependent mechanisms

Figure 4

β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) treatment increases the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells and TH expression in the substantia nigra (SN) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) model rats. PBS or 10 μg LPS was unilaterally injected into the right SN of rats. The animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks of BHBA treatment. (A-E) Staining of TH-positive neurons in the SN. SN brain sections were processed for TH immunostaining. Insets are higher magnifications taken from the area outlined in lower magnification pictures. Scale bar of inset, 100 μm; scale bar of low magnification images, 1.0 mm. (F) The survival ratio of the dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc (the injected side versus the noninjected side) was calculated. (G) Western blot assay of TH expression. The experiments were repeated three times. A representative immunoblot is shown. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD. *P <0.05 and **P <0.01 compared with the LPS-treated rats; and ## P <0.01 compared with the sham-operated control rats.

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