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Table 1 TLRs preconditionings and effects

From: Function and mechanism of toll-like receptors in cerebral ischemic tolerance: from preconditioning to treatment

Animal

Model

Preconditioning time/approach

TLR/ischemia

Result and mechanism

Author

Reference

Mice

MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

72 h/12-min ischemia

Ischemic preconditioning

Decrease brain infarction volume, and IRF gene participate in brain protection

Stevens SL

[79]

Mice

MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 6-h reperfusion

24 h/IP

TLR2, Pam3CSK4

Decrease brain infarction and edema, improve neurological function, and maintain BBB function

Hua F

[60]

Mice

MCAO, 45-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

72 h/subcutaneous injection

TLR3, poly-ICLC

Decrease brain infarction volume and improve neurological function

Packard AEB

[63]

Mice

MCAO, 120-min ischemia, 22-h reperfusion

24 h/systemic injection

TLR3 poly-IC

Decrease brain infarction volume and neurological defect and lower the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in cortex and striatum

Pan LN

[66]

Mice

MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

1 h/IP

TLR3 poly-IC

Decrease brain infarction and prevention of Fas/FADD interaction

Zhang X

[67]

Spontaneously hypertension rats

MCAO, 120-min ischemia, 22-h reperfusion

2, 3, 4 days/IV

TLR4 LPS

Decrease brain infarction volume, mediated by TNF-α

Tasaki K

[72]

Mice

MCAO, 120-min ischemia, 47-h reperfusion

48 h/IP

TLR4 LPS

Decrease brain infarction volume, inhibit the infiltration of neutrophil and activation of the microglia

Rosenzweig HL

[73]

Mice

MCAO, 40-, 45-, 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

72 h/IP

TLR4 LPS

Decrease brain infarction volume that was mediated by IRF3

Marsh B

[61]

Mice

MCAO, 40-to 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

72 h/subcutaneous injection

TLR4 LPS

Decrease brain infarction volume, and TRIF-IRF3 play vital role

Vartanian KB

[58]

Mice

MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

72 h/IP

TLR4

Decrease brain infarction volume, and inhibit TNF-α signaling pathway after cerebral ischemia

Rosenzweig HL

[76]

Mice

MCAO, 45-to 60-min ischemia, 23-h reperfusion

72 h/subcutaneous injection

TLR7 GDQ

Decrease brain infarction volume and neurological functional score that was protected through I type interferon

Leung PY

[62]

Mice

MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 72-h reperfusion

30 min/IV

TLR8 R848

Increase neurological function defect and mortality, activate pro-apoptotic JNK pathway and inflammation

Tang SC

[56]

Mice

MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

72 h/IP

TLR9 CpG-ODN

Decrease brain infarction volume and TNF-α play a vital role

Stevens SL

[64]

Mice

MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

72 h/IP or subcutaneous injection

TLR9 CpG-ODN

Decrease brain infarction volume and IRF gene participate in cerebral protection after ischemia

Stevens SL

[79]

Mice

MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion

1 h/IP

TLR9 CpG-ODN

Decrease brain infarction and activation of PI3K/Akt signaling

Lu C

[78]

  1. MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; IP: intraperitoneal injection; IV: intravenous injection; HI: hypoxic-ischemic; ICA: internal carotid artery; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; TLR: toll-like receptor; BBB: blood-brain barrier; Poly-IC: polycytidylic acid; Poly-ICLC: polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; FADD: Fas-Associated protein with Death Domain; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; TRIF: TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β; GDQ: gardiquimod; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; CpG-ODN: CpG-motif oligodeoxynucleotide. MCAO, 60-min ischemia, 24-h reperfusion: the mice was employed MCAO (cerebral ischemia) 60 min followed by reperfusion 24 h. 1 h/IP: mice were injected intraperitoneally with TLRs ligand 1 h prior to cerebral ischemia.
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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094