Table 4 Keypoints review
From: Systemic inflammation and microglial activation: systematic review of animal experiments
Keypoints |
• Systemic challenge with LPS and live bacteria cause a profound immunological response in the brain resulting in microglial activation. |
• Microglial response after challenge with bacteria is less profound as compared to challenge with LPS, which makes the clinical relevance of using LPS in these animal models questionable. |
• When defining microglial activation, researcher should not only focus on proliferation and morphology, but also examine pro-and anti-inflammatory markers indicating M1/M2 responses. |
• Mechanisms connecting systemic inflammatory challenge and microglial activation remain unclear, but age is an important intrinsic factor. |
• Future experimental studies on studying systemic inflammation and microglial response should do the following: −use mouse models −use live bacteria −use standardized and quantitative measurements of microglial activation −focus on the role of the aging brain −apply with the current standards of animal experiments |