Fig. 1
From: Cu(II) enhances the effect of Alzheimer’s amyloid-β peptide on microglial activation
Cu(II)-Aβ complex triggers the activation of primary microglia. a The resting microglia (con) had branched processes, whereas microglia incubated with Cu(II)-Aβ1–40 (at 5 μΜ peptide concentration) for 24 h had retracted processes and a rounded morphology. Aβ1–40 and Cu(II) alone had no obvious effect on the morphological phenotype of microglia. Scale bar = 35 μm. b Effect of Cu(II)-Aβ on the fraction of microglia exhibiting the activated morphology. Microglia were treated with Cu(II)-Aβ1–40, Aβ1–40, Cu(II), or Cu(II) plus Aβ1–40 (Cu + Aβ; without preincubation) for 24 h. The amounts of microglia with activating morphology were counted, and the fractions of activated microglia were calculated. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. Significance was tested by one-way or two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test comparisons. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control (medium-treated); ## P < 0.01 vs Aβ or Cu(II) alone