Fig. 1

Concentration-dependent effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on voltage-gated Na⁺ currents in cultured mouse cortical neurons. a Expression of TNF-α receptor 1 in mouse cortical neurons as detected by RT-PCR. b Original recording curves of whole-cell currents from −80 to 100 mV in control and TTX (300 nM) treated neurons. c Typical recording curves of whole-cell Na⁺ currents from −80 to 100 mV in the control and TNF-α-treated (100 pg/ml, 24 h) neurons. d Current density–voltage relationship in the control and TNF-α-treated (10 and 100 pg/ml, 24 h) groups. e Concentration-dependent effects of TNF-α (1, 10, 100, and 1000 pg/ml) on Na⁺ currents. Data were normalized against the control and expressed as percentage of the control group. *P < 0.05 vs. the control (one-way ANOVA followed by SNK test)