Table 3 Changes of retina glial cells and neurons in DR
Neural cell | Pathology | Cell density | Marker | Function | Signal pathway | Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Müller cell | Nuclear chromatin dispersion, nuclear granulation electrondense | ↑ | GFAP↑ | Proinflammatory | iNOS/COX2 | Rat/rMC-cells | |
Angiogenic | PEDF | Rat | |||||
Caspase-1/IL-1β | Rat | ||||||
Wnt/β-catenin | Mice | ||||||
p38 MAPK/NF-κB/IL-6 | Human Müller cells | ||||||
Astrocyte | Axonal bundles are scanty, starlike cell bodies are irregularly distributed | ↓ | GFAP↓ | Anti-angiogenic | COX-2/EP3/PGE2 | Human | |
Microglia | Cell bodies appear larger and bore long blunt ruffles with thin thread-like projections | ↑ | CD45, CD68, HLA-DR | Proinflammatory | MAPK | Rat | |
Angiogenesis | P2 receptors/Ca2+ | Rat | |||||
NF-κB/TNF-α, IL1-β | Mice/rat | ||||||
Ganglion cell | Axonal swellings and associated constriction enlarged cell bodies, increased dendritic branches and terminals | ↓ | Thy1 | Neurodegeneration | ERK1/2/COX-2/PGE2 | Rat | |
MAPK | Mice | ||||||
NF-κB | Mice |