Fig. 1

FTY-P induces expression of neurotrophic factors. a Human primary astrocytes were stimulated with FTY-P (1 μM), S1P (0.05 μM), or vehicle control for 1 and 8 h. Each experimental group consisted of quadruplicate (FTY-P, S1P) or triplicate (vehicle controls) wells per time point. Gene expression was determined using the Illumina microarray platform. The fold-change of expression by FTY-P and S1P is shown for each gene. Significance of regulation is indicated by the color (green: significant regulation by FTY-P; blue: significant regulation by S1P; orange: significant regulation by both; transparent gray: no significant regulation; two-tailed t tests adjusted for multiple comparison by the method by Benjamini & Hochberg). See also Additional file 2: Table S1 for details. Human primary astrocytes (b) and human U373 astrocytoma cells (c) were stimulated as in a. b LIF, IL11, and HBEGF expression in human primary astrocytes was determined after 1 and 8 h by qPCR (mean ± SEM of six independent biological replicates; paired two-tailed t tests). c LIF, IL11, and HBEGF expression in human U373 astrocytoma cells was determined after 8 h by qPCR (mean ± SEM of seven independent biological replicates; two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test). d LIF and IL11 protein secretion from U373 astrocytoma cells was determined by ELISA 8 h after stimulation (boxplots indicate median and first/third quartile of four independent biological replicates, with whiskers extending to outliers up to 1.5 × interquartile range; one-tailed Wilcoxon rank sum test)