Fig. 2

FTY-P induces neurotrophic factor also in the presence of TNF. a Human U373 astrocytoma cells were treated with FTY-P (1 μM) and 1 h later with different concentrations of TNF (0.005 and 0.125 μg/ml). Expression of LIF, HBEGF, and IL11 was determined 8 h later by qPCR (values normalized to PPIA and the untreated control samples; mean ± SEM of seven independent experiments; two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test. b Human U373 astrocytoma cells were treated with FTY-P (1 μM) or S1P (0.1 μM), and 1 h later with TNF (0.125 μg/ml). LIF and IL11 were analyzed by ELISA after 8 h of culture (boxplots indicate median and first/third quartile of four independent biological replicates, with whiskers extending to outliers up to 1.5 × interquartile range; one-tailed Wilcoxon rank sum test)