Fig. 3

Sepsis-induced neuroninflammation was attenuated by apocynin treatment. a, b No significant difference was observed in the TNF-α level in the PFC and hippocampus among the four groups over time. c, d The IL-1β level was significantly increased in the PFC and hippocampus (24 h) in the CLP + vehicle group compared with the sham groups. Apocynin treatment significantly decreased the IL-1β level in the PFC and hippocampus (24 h) in the CLP + apocynin group compared with the CLP + vehicle group. There was no significant difference at other time points among the four groups. e, f The IL-6 level was significantly increased in the hippocampus but not in the PFC (24 h) in the CLP + vehicle group compared with the sham groups. Apocynin treatment significantly decreased the IL-6 level in the hippocampus (24 h) in the CLP + apocynin group compared with the CLP + vehicle group. There was no significant difference at other time points among the four groups. g, h No significant difference was observed in the IL-10 level in the PFC and hippocampus among the four groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). ^# p < 0.05 vs the sham groups, *p < 0.05 vs the CLP + vehicle group