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Table 2 Effects of indomethacin on LPS-induced changes in cytokine levels in the brain. Values are means ± SEM in units of pg/mg protein (n)

From: Lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: roles of cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and elements of the neurovascular unit

Cytokine

Saline (3)

LPS (3)

LPS + indo (4)

Saline vs LPS

Saline vs LPS + indo

LPS vs LPS + indo

IL-1α

2.5 ± 0.3

12.7 ± 1.9

17.9 ± 1.5

**

***

* (indo increases)

IL-1β

19.7 ± 2.9

120.3 ± 39.8

34.6 ± 3.2

*

NS

*(indo decreases)

IL-2

15.8 ± 2.8

17.8 ± 2.1

27.3 ± 3.3

NS

NS

NS

IL-3

1.4 ± 0.2

2.1 ± 0.03

2.6 ± 0.16

*

**

NS

IL-4

0.34 ± 0.02

0.92 ± 0.08

1.1 ± 0.05

***

***

* (indo increases)

IL-5

0.93 ± 0.07

1.2 ± 0.16

1.1 ± 0.1

NS

NS

NS

IL-6

1.5 ± 0.12

29.7 ± 16.5

72.8 ± 13.1

NS

*

* (indo increases)

IL-9

75.0 ± 3.1

156.9 ± 16.4

89.2 ± 7.0

**

NS

**(indo decreases)

IL-10

6.3 ± 0.1

9.0 ± 0.3

10.4 ± 0.6

**

**

NS

IL-12(p40)

8.5 ± 1.9

1084 ± 648.4

385.2 ± 81.8

NS

NS

NS

IL-12(p70)

72.5 ± 6.5

102.1 ± 3.1

97.6 ± 10.3

NS

NS

NS

IL-13

38.1 ± 2.3

40.0 ± 3.5

27.7 ± 3.5

NS

NS

NS

IL-17

19.4 ± 2.3

24.8 ± 1.6

20.5 ± 0.9

NS

NS

NS

Eotaxin

2213 ± 131.5

2671 ± 99.8

2165 ± 144.3

NS

NS

NS

GM-CSF

28.6 ± 2.5

47.1 ± 1.3

43.9 ± 2.1

**

**

NS

IFN-γ

16.1 ± 2.1

20.6 ± 1.1

22.9 ± 1.3

NS

*

NS

MCP-1

33.0 ± 4.6

1550 ± 300.6

1612 ± 275.1

**

**

NS

MIP-1a

6.8 ± 0.7

128.3 ± 36.1

465.2 ± 108.4

NS

*

* (indo increases)

MIP-1b

56.6 ± 3.5

128.9 ± 15.7

190.5 ± 37.0

NS

*

NS

RANTES

1.5 ± 0.3

154.8 ± 37.7

280.1 ± 57.3

NS

**

NS

TNF-α

459.9 ± 34.3

482.1 ± 21.3

432.2 ± 16.7

NS

NS

NS

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001