Fig. 3

Cytokine release in an experimental model of inflammation. Human astrocytes were treated with medium alone (control), or different concentrations of TDZ (1 nM-10 μM), or FLUOX (10 μM) or 5-HT (10 μM) for 24 h (a, c, e) or 72 h (b, d, f); after drug removal, cells were incubated with 50 μg/ml LPS and 50 ng/ml TNF-α for an additional 24 h. At the end of treatments, supernatants were collected, and the amounts of IL-6 (a, b), IFN-γ (c, d) and IL-10 (e, f) were measured using ELISA kits following the manufacturer’s instructions. The data are expressed as percentages relative to untreated cells (control), which were set at 100 %, and represent the mean ± SEM of two independent experiments, each performed in duplicate. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA-Tukey HSD post hoc test: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. control; ^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01, ^### P < 0.001 vs. LPS-TNF-α-treated cells