Fig. 7

Effect of TDZ on lactate release. a Human astrocytes were treated with medium alone (control), or TDZ (10 μM), or FLUOX (10 μM) or 5-HT (10 μM) for 24 or 72 h. b Cells were treated as in a. After drug removal, cells were incubated with LPS-TNF-α for additional 24 h. At the end of treatment, supernatants were collected, and the amounts of lactate released were measured using an ELISA kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The data are expressed as percentages relative to untreated cells (control), which were set at 100 %, and represent the mean ± SEM of two independent experiments, each performed in duplicate. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-test: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. control; ^# P < 0.05 vs. cells treated with LPS-TNF-α