Fig. 2

Hypoestoxide reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain of α-syn-tg mice. a–d Immunofluorescence or immunohistochemical analysis of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL6 in the neocortex of non-tg and α-syn-tg mice treated with either vehicle or hypoestoxide. a Representative images. b–d Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensities of TNFα (b), IL-1β (c), and IL6 (d) stainings were analyzed in the neocortex of the brains (n = 5 per each group; two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-test; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Error bars represent ±SEM. e–g Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of expression levels of TNFα (e), IL6 (f), and IL-1β (g) in the neocortex of mice presented as levels over β-actin (n = 4 per each group; two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-test; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Error bars represent ±SEM. Scale bar = 20 μm