Fig. 3

Hypoestoxide ameliorates neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in α-syn-tg mice. a–c Immunohistochemical analysis of TH in the striatum and substantia nigra (S.Nigra) of non-tg and α-syn-tg mice treated with either vehicle or hypoestoxide. a Representative images of striatum. b The levels of dopaminergic fiber in striatum were analyzed by optical density quantification (n = 5 per each group; two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). Error bars represent ±SEM. c Stereological analysis of TH-positive cells in S. Nigra. d, e Motor behavioral analysis of non-tg and α-syn-tg mice. Total activity from open field analysis (d) and the numbers of slippages from round beam test (e) were recorded (n = 5 per each group; two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-test; *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001). Error bars represent ±SEM. Scale bars = 250 μm (a, upper panel) and 25 μm (a, lower panel)