Fig. 5

Hypoestoxide inhibits NF-κB signaling in a mouse model of PD. a Representative immunohistochemical staining of NF-κB and phosphorylated NF-κB in the neocortex of non-tg and α-syn-tg mice treated with either vehicle or hypoestoxide. b, c Fluorescence intensities against NF-κB (b) and phosphorylated NF-κB (c) were analyzed in the neocortex of the brains (n = 5 per each group; two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-test; ***p < 0.001). Error bars represent ±SEM. d Western blot analysis of cytosolic and nuclear fractions from the neocortex for NF-κB and phosphorylated NF-κB. e The relative cytosolic phosphorylated NF-κB levels normalized against cytosolic total NF-κB. f The relative nuclear phosphorylated NF-κB levels normalized against total nuclear NF-κB (n = 5 per each group; two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-test; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Error bars represent ±SEM. Scale bar = 20 μm