Fig. 3

Brains of HFD-fed mice have increased inflammation and microglial activation. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine in brains of APP-Tg (a) and WT mice (b). ** indicates p < 0.01 (two-tailed student t test, n = 2 performed in triplicates representative of four independent experiments). c Brain mRNA expression of TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6 of WT or APP-Tg mice after being on SD or HFD for 2 months. *, **, *** indicate p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001 (two-tailed student t test, n = 2 performed in triplicates representative of four independent experiments). d Representative images of Iba-1 (red) near the choroid plexus from WT mice and APP-Tg mice fed with SD or HFD for 2 or 5 months, or initially with HFD for 2 months and then put back on SD for 3 months. Nucleus was counter-stained with DAPI (blue). e Intensity of Iba-1 expression from d measured from different fields (n = 20, three mice/group) using Zen Software (Carl Zeiss). ** and *** indicate where p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively. (two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test) f Representative image of relative localization of Iba-1 (red) with β- amyloid plaque (green) from cortices of brains of mice fed with SD or HFD for 2 months. Nucleus was counter-stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 50 μm. g Intensity of Iba-1 signal from (f) was measured from different plaques using Zen Software (Carl Zeiss) (n = 20, five mice/group). *** indicates p < 0.001 (two-tailed student’s t test)