Fig. 4

bvPLA2 reduces neuroinflammatory responses and the infiltration of CD4⁺ T cells into the hippocampi of 3xTg-AD mice. Treatment with bvPLA2 induced microglial deactivation in the hippocampal CA1 (a, e) and CA3 regions (b, f). Treatment with bvPLA2 induced reductions in CD4⁺ T cell infiltration in the hippocampal CA1 (c, g) and CA3 regions (d, h). The representative immunostained cells were indicated as arrows (a–d). The error bars indicate the SEMs. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to the WT groups; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 compared to the 3xTg group (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analyses)