Fig. 3

Increased CNS infiltration in the absence of IPS-1 signaling. WT and IPS-1 ^−/− mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10⁴ FFU of LGTV. Leukocytes were isolated from the brains at different time points 0, 4, and 7 dpi by Percoll gradient centrifugation, stained for various cell markers, and analyzed by flow cytometry. a The total number of brain lymphocytes was determined by cell counting. b The total number of CD4⁺ T cells. c The total number of CD8⁺cells. d The total number of dendritic (CD11c⁺) cells. e The total number of infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils (CD45^hiCD11b⁺). f The total number of microglia (CD45^lowCD11b⁺). g Representative flow cytometry diagram of CD45 and CD11b staining of brain leukocytes from WT and IPS-1 ^−/− mice. Data represent the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) of 3–10 mice per time point from at least two independent experiments. h WT and IPS-1 ^−/− mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10⁴ FFU of LGTV, and mice brains were isolated for immunohistology (n = 5). Depicted are the immunohistological analyses of the olfactory bulb of uninfected and infected mice (7 dpi). Caspase 3 (red) and DAPI (blue). Magnification ×40, scale bar 50 μm. i Quantification of Caspase 3 (Asp175⁺)-positive cells in the olfactory bulb of uninfected and infected mice (7 dpi). Asterisks indicates statistical significance calculated by Mann-Whitney test, ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. ns not significant