Fig. 2

Andrographolide attenuated LPS-induced chemokine mRNA up-regulation in astrocytes. Various concentrations of andrographolide (in μM) were added to rat primary astrocytes in culture media 4 h before (“pre-LPS”) or 4 h after LPS (100 ng/mL) stimulation (“post-LPS"), then incubated for different periods such that the total incubation time with LPS was 12 h for both “pre-LPS” and “post-LPS” groups, before processing for RT-PCR. Bar graphs are mean ± SEM transcript fold-changes, with control levels set at 1 for N = 3 independent assays. All raw transcript values have been normalized to mean expression of housekeeping genes (see Methods) prior to conversion to fold-change values. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. n.s. not significant (p > 0.05) for multiple pair-wise comparisons (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc tests)