Fig. 5

Andrographolide attenuated LPS-induced activation of NF-κB p65 and JNK in astrocytes. a Effects of andrographolide on basal activation of NF-κB and JNK (indicated by immunoreactivities of phospho-p65 and phospho-JNK, respectively, see representative blots). Primary astrocytes were treated for 6 h with various concentrations of andrographolide. b Effects of andrographolide on LPS activation of NF-κB and JNK (see representative blots). Primary astrocytes were pretreated with various concentrations of andrographolide for 4 h followed by 1-h LPS stimulation (100 ng/mL) in culture media. All bar graphs show immunoreactivities (mean ± SEM fold-changes in optical densities, OD, with untreated group set at 1) of phosphorylated proteins normalized to respective total proteins, N = 3–4 independent assays. ^§ p < 0.001, significantly different from untreated controls (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc tests); **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. n.s. not significant (p > 0.05) for multiple pair-wise comparisons (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc tests)