Fig. 8
From: Cocaine-mediated induction of microglial activation involves the ER stress-TLR2 axis
Schematic of signaling pathways involved in cocaine-mediated induction of microglia TLR2 expression and activation. Cocaine induces NAPDH oxidase-mediated accumulation of ROS with downstream activation of the ER-stress PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 pathways which, in turn, leads to ATF4 translocation, with the subsequent induction of TLR2. Additionally, cocaine also activates the phosphorylation-dependent signaling of the TLR2 pathway leading ultimately to microglial activation