Fig. 4

EVC induces an increase of inflammatory markers at mRNA levels in right and contralateral SC. RT-qPCR analysis for GFAP, CD68 (a), IL-1β, TNFα (b), Nox2, and Nox4 (c) mRNA levels in naïve, right, and contralateral SCs. For each marker, mRNA levels are presented as a fold change relative to naïve rats after normalization with respect to the housekeeping gene (GAPDH). Each bar is the mean ± SEM. n = 8–10 animals/group. We performed a one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett multiple comparisons post hoc test for GFAP, IL-1β, Nox2, and Nox4 and the Kruskal–Wallis test for TNF-α and CD68: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001