Fig. 1

PDTC-induced translocation of astrocytic Nrf2. a Representative Nrf2 immunostaining images of primary neonatal astrocytes treated with 10 or 100 μM PDTC for 4 h. Right panels are merged images of Nrf2 (left panels) and the nuclear marker DAPI (center panels). b Quantification of nuclear Nrf2 immunostaining in astrocytes expressed as fold change over control ± SD. c Quantification of nuclear Nrf2 immunoreactivity in hippocampal neurons treated with PDTC for 4 h. Data are expressed as fold change over control cells ± SD. d Representative immunostaining of mixed cortical cultures treated with PDTC for 4 h, co-stained for DAPI, Nrf2, the neuronal marker MAP2 and astrocyte marker GFAP. Arrowheads indicate MAP2-negative GFAP-positive cells with strongly increased nuclear Nrf2. e A representative immunoblot with antibodies against Nrf2, GAPDH (cytosolic marker), and histone H3 (nuclear marker) with neonatal astrocyte samples treated with PDTC for 4 h. f Quantification of nuclear Nrf2 protein levels after 4 h PDTC treatment of astrocytes. Data are expressed as fold change over control cells normalized to histone H3 ± SD *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001. Scale bar = 20 μm